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planting (with trees)

  • 1 planting with trees

    Макаров: озеленение

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > planting with trees

  • 2 normal planting with trees

    Англо-русский словарь по экологии > normal planting with trees

  • 3 normal planting with trees

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > normal planting with trees

  • 4 Begrünung

    f; nur Sg.
    1. (das Begrünen) planting of grass ( oder trees etc.)
    2. (Pflanzen, Wiese etc.) greenery
    * * *
    Be|grü|nung [bə'gryːnʊŋ]
    f -, -en
    planting with trees and grass, landscaping
    * * *
    Be·grü·nung
    f
    1. (das Begrünen) planting with trees, grass, etc.
    2. (Pflanzen) greenery
    * * *
    Begrünung f; nur sg
    1. (das Begrünen) planting of grass ( oder trees etc)
    2. (Pflanzen, Wiese etc) greenery

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Begrünung

  • 5 озеленение

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > озеленение

  • 6 peuplement

    pœpləmɑ̃
    nom masculin
    1) ( d'une région) ( en habitants) populating; ( en arbres) planting (with trees); ( d'un lac) stocking
    2) ( habitants) population
    * * *
    pœpləmɑ̃ nm
    [pays, territoire] population, populating

    de peuplement; la zone de peuplement kurde — the Kurdish-populated region, the Kurdish-inhabited region

    colonie de peuplementsettlement (in occupied territory)

    * * *
    peuplement nm population.
    [pɶpləmɑ̃] nom masculin
    [d'une rivière] stocking (with fish)
    [ensemble - des végétaux] stand (terme spécialisé), plant population ; [ - des arbres] tree population

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > peuplement

  • 7 Bewaldung

    f
    1. (Waldbestand) woods Pl., woodland, forests Pl.
    2. (Aufforstung) afforestation
    * * *
    Be|wạl|dung
    f -, -en
    (= das Bewalden) planting with trees, afforestation (form); (= Baumbestand) trees pl, woodlands pl
    * * *
    Be·wal·dung
    f
    1. (Wald) woodland
    2. (Aufforsten) afforestation
    * * *
    die; Bewaldung, Bewaldungen tree cover; (Wälder) woodlands pl
    * * *
    1. (Waldbestand) woods pl, woodland, forests pl
    2. (Aufforstung) afforestation
    * * *
    die; Bewaldung, Bewaldungen tree cover; (Wälder) woodlands pl

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Bewaldung

  • 8 норма озеленения

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > норма озеленения

  • 9 норма озеленения

    Русско-английский экологический словарь > норма озеленения

  • 10 plant

    1. III
    1) plant smth. plant trees (cabbages, flowers, etc.) сажать /высаживать/ деревья и т.д.; plant seeds сеять семена; plant a garden сажать /разбивать, закладывать/ сад; plant fish разводить рыбу; now is the time for planting a herbacious border сейчас как раз время высадить /посадить/ цветочный бордюр
    2) plant smth. coll. plant a blow punch/ стукнуть кулаком, "влепить", "вмазать"
    3) plant smth. plant ideas (principles, doctrines, etc.) внушать /внедрять, вселять/ идеи и т.д.
    4) plant smb. plant spies засылать /внедрять/ шпионов
    2. IV
    1) plant smth. in some manner plant flowers (bushes, etc.) ornamentally (conventionally, geometrically, etc.) красиво и т.д. сажать /рассаживать/ цветы и т.д.
    2) plant smth. in some manner plant one's feet wide apart встать, широко расставив ноги
    3) plant smth. somewhere plant shops (agencies, branch stores, etc.) abroad (everywhere. all over, etc.) размещать /открывать/ магазины и т.д. за границей и т.д.
    3. XI
    1) be planted for smth. these flowers (these bushes, etc.) are planted for ornament эти цветы и т.д. сажают для красоты и т.д.; be planted with smth. my ground is mostly planted with fruit-trees мой участок в основном засажен фруктовыми деревьями
    2) be planted somewhere branch agencies (branch stores, etc.) are planted all over повсюду открыты районные агентства и т.д.
    4. XII
    1) have smth. planted with smth. I have my garden (my ground, etc.) planted with flowers (with bushes, etc.) у меня сад и т.д. засажен цветами и т.д.
    2) have smth. planted in some manner he has his feet firmly planted on the ground он твердо стоит на земле
    3) have smth., smb. planted somewhere they have their agencies (branches, shops, etc.) planted everywhere (abroad, etc.) у них есть свой агентства и т.д. повсюду и т.д.; they have their spies planted all over у них повсюду свои шпионы
    5. XVIII
    plant oneself somewhere plant oneself in front of the fire расположиться у камина; plant oneself in the doorway стать в дверях [загородив проход] id plant oneself on smb. навязаться кому-л. (в гости, в спутники и т.п.)
    6. XXI1
    1) plant smth. with /to/ smth. plant a field with corn (a section with vegetables, a garden with rose-bushes, a churchyard with yew trees, land with fruit-trees, one's garden with beans, fields to wheat, etc.) засаживать поле хлебами и т.д.; they set up a monument and planted it round with trees они поставили памятник и кругом обсадили его деревьями; plant smth. in (on, etc.) smth. plant vegetables in one's garden (trees in the streets, bushes on the banks, etc.) сажать овощи в огороде и т.д.
    2) plant smth. at (in, on, etc.) smth. plant a Xmas tree at the door (a house right in front of the station, etc.) поставить елку у дверей и т.д.; plant a flag on a building (on an island, etc.) водрузить флаг на здании и т.д.; plant a battery on a height mil, установить батарею на высоте; plant one's feet firmly on the ground крепко стоять на ногах; plant a stake in the ground укрепить кол /столб/ в земле; plant smb. before (on, etc.) smth. plant a sentry before a door (a policeman on every corner, posts along a road, etc.) поставить часового перед дверью и т.д.
    3) plant smth. in (on, etc.) smth. plant a bullet in the target попасть [пулей] в мишень; plant a dagger in smb.'s heart всадить кинжал кому-л. в сердце; plant a blow on smb.'s ear coll. заехать /дать/ кому-л. в ухо; plant one's fist on smb.'s nose (in the palm of his other hand, etc.) coll. дать /стукнуть/ кулаком кому-л. по носу и т.д.
    4) plant smth. in (on, with, etc.) smb. plant a love for learning in growing children прививать детям любовь к учению; she plants stories about herself with her neighbours она все время распускает слухи о себе среди [своих] соседей; plant a manuscript on a publisher (worthless shares on the public, etc.) всучить рукопись издателю и т.д.; plant stolen goods on smb. подсовывать /сбывать/ кому-л. краденные вещи

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > plant

  • 11 rayo

    m.
    1 ray.
    rayo solar sunbeam
    2 beam, ray (physics).
    rayos infrarrojos infrared rays
    rayo láser laser beam
    rayos ultravioleta/uva ultraviolet/UVA rays
    rayos X X-rays
    3 bolt of lightning (Meteo).
    rayos lightning
    ¡que le parta un rayo! (informal) he can go to hell!, to hell with him!
    4 spoke.
    5 highlight.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: rayar.
    * * *
    1 ray, beam
    2 (relámpago) lightning, flash of lightning
    3 figurado (persona) live wire
    \
    caer como un rayo familiar to drop like a bombshell
    echar rayos familiar to be fuming, be hopping mad
    ¡mal rayo lo parta! / ¡que lo parta un rayo! familiar to hell with him!
    saber a rayos familiar to taste awful
    rayo de luna moonbeam
    rayos ultravioletas/UVA ultraviolet rays
    rayos X X-rays
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) ray, beam
    2) bolt, lightning
    * * *
    I
    SM
    1) [de luz] ray, beam

    rayo de sol — sunbeam, ray of sunlight

    rayo solar — sunbeam, ray of sunlight

    2) [de rueda] spoke
    3) (Meteo) lightning, flash of lightning

    a rayos —

    huele a rayos* it smells awful

    sabe a rayos* it tastes awful

    pasar como un rayo — to rush past, flash past

    ¡a los demás que les parta un rayo! — and the rest of them can go to hell! *

    4) [como exclamativo]

    ¡rayos! — * dammit! *

    ¿qué rayos es eso? — * what in hell's name is that? *

    II
    * * *

    un rayo de luza ray o beam (of light)

    2) (Meteo) bolt (of lightning)

    como un rayo — (fam) <salir/pasar> to go out/shoot by like greased lightning (colloq)

    que te/lo parta un rayo — (fam)

    3) (fam) (persona viva, despierta)
    4) (AmL) ( de rueda) spoke
    * * *

    un rayo de luza ray o beam (of light)

    2) (Meteo) bolt (of lightning)

    como un rayo — (fam) <salir/pasar> to go out/shoot by like greased lightning (colloq)

    que te/lo parta un rayo — (fam)

    3) (fam) (persona viva, despierta)
    4) (AmL) ( de rueda) spoke
    * * *
    rayo1
    1 = lightning, lightning strike, bolt of lightning.

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Catch the lightning: keeping current with the Net'.

    Ex: Fire insurance policies discourage the planting of trees in towns and villages because of the fear of lightning strikes.
    Ex: When they left it was tipping it down with rain, with bolts of lightning all around them, but on Sunday they woke up to glorious sunshine.
    * a la velocidad del rayo = at the speed of lightning.
    * como un rayo = in a flash.
    * ¡que + Pronombre + partir un rayo! = be damned!.
    * tan rápido como un rayo = as quick as a wink.
    * velocidad del rayo, la = speed of lightning, the.

    rayo2
    2 = beam, shaft, ray.

    Ex: For one, the record is made by a moving beam of electrons rather than a moving pointer, for the reason that an electron beam can sweep across the picture very rapidly indeed.

    Ex: A shaft of yellow sunshine fell across the carpet.
    Ex: Drawing lines to connect related documents may turn up patterns that look like stars with rays emanating in all directions, where a key study has been made.
    * de rayo láser = laser-based.
    * lámpara de rayos ultravioleta = ultraviolet lamp, sun lamp, UV lamp.
    * polimerización por rayos gamma = graft polymerisation.
    * rayo cósmico = cosmic ray.
    * rayo de electrones = electron beam.
    * rayo de esperanza = ray of hope, silver lining, the light at the end of the tunnel, glimmer of hope, beacon of hope, ray of light.
    * rayo de luna = moonbeam.
    * rayo de luz = light beam, light ray, ray of light.
    * rayo gamma = gamma ray.
    * rayo infrarrojo = infrared ray.
    * rayo láser = laser beam, laser.
    * rayo óptico = light ray.
    * rayo ultravioleta = ultraviolet light (UV light), ultraviolet ray, UV ray.
    * rayo X = X ray.
    * tomografía mediante rayos X = x-ray tomography.
    * un rayo de = a shimmer of.
    * un rayo de esperanza = a faint glimmer of light.
    * un rayo de luz esperanzador = a faint glimmer of light, a peep of light.

    * * *
    A ( Fís) ray
    un rayo de luz a ray o beam o shaft of light
    los rayos solares the sun's rays
    los rayos del sol entraban por la ventana rays of sunlight filtered through the window
    un rayo de esperanza a ray of hope
    un rayo de luna a moonbeam
    al rayo del sol in the heat of the sun, in the hot sun
    Compuestos:
    laser beam
    mpl alpha rays (pl)
    mpl beta rays (pl)
    mpl cathode rays (pl)
    mpl cosmic rays (pl)
    mpl gamma rays (pl)
    mpl infrared rays (pl)
    mpl beams of light (pl), light rays (pl)
    mpl ultraviolet rays (pl)
    mpl UVA
    mpl UVB
    mpl X-rays (pl)
    lo miraron por rayos X they X-rayed it
    B ( Meteo):
    el rayo cayó muy cerca de la casa the (bolt of) lightning struck very close to the house
    ¡rayos y truenos! ( arc o hum); great Scott! ( datedor hum)
    como un rayo ( fam); like greased lightning ( colloq)
    salió de casa como un rayo she shot out of the house like greased lightning o like a streak of lightning
    pasó como un rayo he zoomed o whizzed o flashed past
    ¡mal rayo te/le parta! ( fam); damn you/him! ( colloq)
    que te/lo parta un rayo ( fam): ellos se van y a mí que me parta un rayo they go off and to hell with me! ( colloq), they go off and don't give a damn about me! ( colloq)
    ¡que te parta un rayo! you can go to hell for all I care! ( colloq)
    saber/oler a rayos ( fam); to taste/smell foul
    C ( fam)
    (persona viva, despierta): es un rayo he's razor-sharp, he's as sharp as a needle o ( AmE) tack
    D ( AmL) (de una rueda) spoke
    E rayos mpl ( Chi) (en el pelo) highlights (pl)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo raer: ( conjugate raer)

    rao, raigo, rayo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    rayó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Del verbo rayar: ( conjugate rayar)

    rayo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    rayó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    raer    
    rayar    
    rayo
    raer ( conjugate raer) verbo transitivo superficie to scrape;
    barniz/pintura to scrape off
    rayar ( conjugate rayar) verbo transitivo
    a)pintura/mesa to scratch


    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( dejar marca) to scratch
    2 ( aproximarse) rayo EN algo to border on sth, verge on sth
    3 (Méx) [ obreros] to get one's wages, get paid
    rayarse verbo pronominal
    1 [ superficie] to get scratched
    2 (AmS fam) ( volverse loco) to crack up (colloq)
    rayo sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) ray;
    un rayo de luz a ray o beam (of light);

    un rayo de luna a moonbeam;
    rayo láser laser beam;
    rayos ultravioleta ultraviolet rays (pl);
    rayos X X-rays (pl)
    2 (Meteo) bolt (of lightning);
    como un rayo (fam) ‹ salir like greased lightning (colloq)

    3 (AmL) ( de rueda) spoke
    rayar
    I vtr (un cristal, disco, etc) to scratch
    II vi (lindar, rozar) to border [en/con, on]
    rayo sustantivo masculino
    1 (de una tormenta) lightning
    2 (haz de luz) ray, beam
    un rayo de esperanza, a ray of hope
    rayo láser, laser beam
    rayos X, X-rays
    ' rayo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    catódica
    - catódico
    - caer
    - centella
    English:
    beam
    - bolt
    - flash
    - glimmer
    - laser beam
    - lightning
    - moonbeam
    - quick
    - ray
    - shaft
    - spoke
    - streak
    - strike
    - strike down
    - sunbeam
    - thunderbolt
    - zip by
    - laser
    - moon
    - sun
    - thunder
    - X-ray
    * * *
    ver raer
    nm
    1. [de luz] ray;
    un rayo de sol a ray of sunlight;
    los rayos solares calientan la Tierra the sun's rays heat the Earth
    2. Fís beam, ray
    rayos alfa alpha rays;
    rayos beta beta rays;
    rayos catódicos cathode rays;
    rayos cósmicos cosmic rays;
    rayos gamma gamma rays;
    rayos infrarrojos infrared rays;
    rayo láser laser beam;
    rayos ultravioleta ultraviolet rays;
    rayos uva UVA rays;
    rayos X X-rays
    3. Meteo bolt of lightning;
    le dan miedo los rayos she's scared of lightning;
    un rayo cayó en el edificio the building was struck by lightning;
    caer como un rayo to be a bombshell;
    Fam
    ¡que lo parta un rayo! he can go to hell!, to hell with him!;
    siempre lo mismo, ellos a lo suyo, y al abuelo, que lo parta un rayo it's always the same, they do their own thing and grandpa can go hang for all they care;
    Esp Fam
    huele a rayos it stinks to high heaven;
    Esp Fam
    sabe a rayos [comida] it tastes foul;
    le supo a rayos que no la invitaras she was none too impressed about you not inviting her
    4. [persona]
    ser un rayo to be like greased lightning;
    pasar como un rayo to flash by
    5. CSur [de rueda] spoke
    interj
    Fam
    ¡rayos (y centellas)! heavens above!
    * * *
    m
    1 FÍS ray;
    rayo de luz de sol ray of sunlight, sunbeam
    2 METEO (bolt of) lightning;
    como un rayo fig like a streak of lightning;
    echar rayos fam fume, be furious;
    oler a rayos smell terrible, stink to high heaven
    * * *
    rayo nm
    1) : ray, beam
    rayo láser: laser beam
    rayo de gamma: gamma ray
    rayo de sol: sunbeam
    2) relámpago: lightning bolt
    3)
    rayo X : X ray
    * * *
    rayo n
    1. (de luz) ray
    2. (chispa eléctrica) lightning / flash of lightning

    Spanish-English dictionary > rayo

  • 12 rayo1

    1 = lightning, lightning strike, bolt of lightning.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Catch the lightning: keeping current with the Net'.
    Ex. Fire insurance policies discourage the planting of trees in towns and villages because of the fear of lightning strikes.
    Ex. When they left it was tipping it down with rain, with bolts of lightning all around them, but on Sunday they woke up to glorious sunshine.
    ----
    * a la velocidad del rayo = at the speed of lightning.
    * como un rayo = in a flash.
    * ¡que + Pronombre + partir un rayo! = be damned!.
    * tan rápido como un rayo = as quick as a wink.
    * velocidad del rayo, la = speed of lightning, the.

    Spanish-English dictionary > rayo1

  • 13 Blith, Walter

    [br]
    b. Seventeenth century Warwickshire, England
    d. Seventeenth century England
    [br]
    [br]
    Blith was the son of a cereal and dairy farmer from the Forest of Arden. He wrote a treatise on farming which was of contemporary value in its description of drainage and water meadows, both subjects of particular relevance in the mid-seventeenth century. The book, The English Improver, contains illustrations of agricultural equipment which have become an almost obligatory inclusion in any book on agricultural history. His understanding of the plough is apparent from the text and illustrations, and his was an important step in the understanding of the scientific principles to be applied to its later design. The introduction to the book is addressed to both Houses of Parliament, and is very much an attempt to highlight and seek solutions to the problems of the agriculture of the day. In it he advocates the passing of legislation to improve agricultural practice, whether this be for the destruction of moles or for the compulsory planting of trees to replace those felled.
    Blith himself became a captain in the Roundhead Army during the English Civil War, and even added a dedication to Cromwell in the introduction to his second book, The English Improver Improved, published in 1652. This book contains additional information on both practice and crops, an expansion in knowledge which presumably owes something to Blith's employment as a surveyor of Crown lands between 1649 and 1650. He himself bought and farmed such land in Northamptonshire. His advice on the choice of land for particular crops and the implements of best use for that land expressed ideas in advance of their times, and it was to be almost a century before his writings were taken up and developed.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1649, The English Improver; or, A New Survey of Husbandry Discovering to the Kingdom That Some Land, Both Arable and Pasture May be Advance Double or Treble, and Some five or Tenfold.
    1652, The English Improver Improved.
    Further Reading
    J.Thirsk (ed.), 1985, The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. II (deals with Blith and the agriculture of his time).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Blith, Walter

  • 14 רצף

    רָצַף(b. h.; cmp. רָצַם) 1) to press, crush. Nidd.14a שמש רְצָפָהּ the membrum may have crushed it.Part. pass. רָצוּף; f. רְצוּפָה; pl. רְצוּפִים, רְצוּפִין; רְצוּפוֹת. Ib. מאכולתר׳ a crushed louse. 2) (cmp. כָּתַת a. denom.) to join closely, to place in rows; to pave with blocks. Ohol. XVIII, 5 הרוֹצֵף … באבנים if one paves an unclean field (v. פְּרָס) with stones. Y.Orl.I, beg.60c במשנה … לעצים ברוצף when he changes the usual order of planting; if he wants to use them for fuel, he plants the trees close together,, opp. משפה planting wide apart. Y.Kil.III, 28d bot. רוצף he who plants vegetables in a row, opp. עושה קלחים יחידים; a. e.Part. pass. as ab. Esth. R. to I, 6 היה ביתור׳וכ׳ his house was paved with precious stones and jewels. Neg. XI, 9 השתי אם היהר׳ if the warp (on the loom) is close (the threads being properly arranged). B. Bath.29a שלש … שאבלןר׳ by the three years of which they; speak is meant that he had the undisturbed usufruct for three years in succession, opp. מפוזרות. Ib. 37b אכלןר׳ if he has had the usufruct of trees planted close together in rows (which shows that they were intended to be transplanted when grown older). Ib. מכרןר׳וכ׳ if he sold closely planted trees, the buyer cannot claim the soil. Y.M. Kat. I, 80c top, a. e. ר׳, opp. מרווחין, v. רָוַוח Y.Gitt.VIII, end, 49d כר׳ when the signatures are close together, opp. מסורגין, v. סָרַג. Treat. Sofrim I, 10, v. סָרַג; a. fr.Trnsf. crowded, stuffed. Cant. R. to IV, 4; Gen. R. s. 32; a. fr., v. רֵיקָן. Nif. נִרְצַף to be squeezed, crushed. Nidd.25b, v. רָצַם. Bets.28b שפודשנ׳) (Ms. M. שנרצם, corr. acc.) a roasting spit which has been squeezed and bent, contrad. to נרצם.Tosef.M. Kat. I, 2 מרצפין ed. Zuck., read: מרבצין or מרביצין, v. רָבַץ.

    Jewish literature > רצף

  • 15 רָצַף

    רָצַף(b. h.; cmp. רָצַם) 1) to press, crush. Nidd.14a שמש רְצָפָהּ the membrum may have crushed it.Part. pass. רָצוּף; f. רְצוּפָה; pl. רְצוּפִים, רְצוּפִין; רְצוּפוֹת. Ib. מאכולתר׳ a crushed louse. 2) (cmp. כָּתַת a. denom.) to join closely, to place in rows; to pave with blocks. Ohol. XVIII, 5 הרוֹצֵף … באבנים if one paves an unclean field (v. פְּרָס) with stones. Y.Orl.I, beg.60c במשנה … לעצים ברוצף when he changes the usual order of planting; if he wants to use them for fuel, he plants the trees close together,, opp. משפה planting wide apart. Y.Kil.III, 28d bot. רוצף he who plants vegetables in a row, opp. עושה קלחים יחידים; a. e.Part. pass. as ab. Esth. R. to I, 6 היה ביתור׳וכ׳ his house was paved with precious stones and jewels. Neg. XI, 9 השתי אם היהר׳ if the warp (on the loom) is close (the threads being properly arranged). B. Bath.29a שלש … שאבלןר׳ by the three years of which they; speak is meant that he had the undisturbed usufruct for three years in succession, opp. מפוזרות. Ib. 37b אכלןר׳ if he has had the usufruct of trees planted close together in rows (which shows that they were intended to be transplanted when grown older). Ib. מכרןר׳וכ׳ if he sold closely planted trees, the buyer cannot claim the soil. Y.M. Kat. I, 80c top, a. e. ר׳, opp. מרווחין, v. רָוַוח Y.Gitt.VIII, end, 49d כר׳ when the signatures are close together, opp. מסורגין, v. סָרַג. Treat. Sofrim I, 10, v. סָרַג; a. fr.Trnsf. crowded, stuffed. Cant. R. to IV, 4; Gen. R. s. 32; a. fr., v. רֵיקָן. Nif. נִרְצַף to be squeezed, crushed. Nidd.25b, v. רָצַם. Bets.28b שפודשנ׳) (Ms. M. שנרצם, corr. acc.) a roasting spit which has been squeezed and bent, contrad. to נרצם.Tosef.M. Kat. I, 2 מרצפין ed. Zuck., read: מרבצין or מרביצין, v. רָבַץ.

    Jewish literature > רָצַף

  • 16 נטיעה

    נְטִיעָהf. (נָטַע) 1) planting; plant. Cant. R. to VI, 11 בשעת נְטִיעָתָן when you plant them. Ber.35a בר נ׳ that which belongs to the vegetable Kingdom. Snh.68a נְטִיעַת קישואין planting of cucumbers; a. fr.Esp. young tree, shoot. Bets.25b נ׳ מקטעוכ׳ the law concerning young trees (עָרְלָה) cuts off the feet of the butchers (ought to teach them patience, so as not to use meat before flaying and dissecting). Shebi. I, 8 נ׳ כשמה by ‘a young plant (with reference to the Sabbatical year law) we understand what its name indicates (during the first year). Y. ib. 33b bot. נ׳ מעין עשר as to young shoots the proportion of ten to a field of a Sahs size is required, v. infra; a. fr.Pl. נְטִיעוֹת. Cant. R. l. c. כחן של נ׳וכ׳ the endurance of young plants and the beauty, v. זִיו. Shebi. I, 6 עשר נ׳ מפוזרותוכ׳ if ten young trees are scattered over a field of one Sahs size, we may plough the entire field for their sake (on the eve of the Sabbatical year); Succ.34a, a. e. עשר נ׳ the law concerning young trees in a field Taan.5b bot. יהי רצון שכל נ׳ שנוטעיןוכ׳ may all shoots taken from thee be like thyself. Y.Yeb.I, 2b חמש נ׳ נטע he planted five shoots, had five sons; a. fr.Ḥag.14b, a. e. קיצץ בנ׳ he mutilated the shoots (of the garden of religion, v. פַּרְדֵּס), i. e. became irreligious, v. קָצַץ.Mekh. Bshall., Shir. s.10, v. נְתִיצָה. 2) pitching a tent, putting up a temporary structure. Meg.5b, a. e., v. אַכְוַרְנְקָא, a. נָטַע.

    Jewish literature > נטיעה

  • 17 נְטִיעָה

    נְטִיעָהf. (נָטַע) 1) planting; plant. Cant. R. to VI, 11 בשעת נְטִיעָתָן when you plant them. Ber.35a בר נ׳ that which belongs to the vegetable Kingdom. Snh.68a נְטִיעַת קישואין planting of cucumbers; a. fr.Esp. young tree, shoot. Bets.25b נ׳ מקטעוכ׳ the law concerning young trees (עָרְלָה) cuts off the feet of the butchers (ought to teach them patience, so as not to use meat before flaying and dissecting). Shebi. I, 8 נ׳ כשמה by ‘a young plant (with reference to the Sabbatical year law) we understand what its name indicates (during the first year). Y. ib. 33b bot. נ׳ מעין עשר as to young shoots the proportion of ten to a field of a Sahs size is required, v. infra; a. fr.Pl. נְטִיעוֹת. Cant. R. l. c. כחן של נ׳וכ׳ the endurance of young plants and the beauty, v. זִיו. Shebi. I, 6 עשר נ׳ מפוזרותוכ׳ if ten young trees are scattered over a field of one Sahs size, we may plough the entire field for their sake (on the eve of the Sabbatical year); Succ.34a, a. e. עשר נ׳ the law concerning young trees in a field Taan.5b bot. יהי רצון שכל נ׳ שנוטעיןוכ׳ may all shoots taken from thee be like thyself. Y.Yeb.I, 2b חמש נ׳ נטע he planted five shoots, had five sons; a. fr.Ḥag.14b, a. e. קיצץ בנ׳ he mutilated the shoots (of the garden of religion, v. פַּרְדֵּס), i. e. became irreligious, v. קָצַץ.Mekh. Bshall., Shir. s.10, v. נְתִיצָה. 2) pitching a tent, putting up a temporary structure. Meg.5b, a. e., v. אַכְוַרְנְקָא, a. נָטַע.

    Jewish literature > נְטִיעָה

  • 18 tree

    tri:
    (the largest kind of plant, with a thick, firm, wooden stem and branches: We have three apple trees growing in our garden.) árbol
    - tree-trunk
    - tree line

    tree n árbol
    tr[triː]
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be at the top of the tree estar en la cúspide
    you can't see the wood for the trees los árboles no dejan ver el bosque
    tree surgeon arboricultor,-ra
    tree trunk tronco
    tree ['tri:] n
    : árbol m
    n.
    árbol (Informática) s.m.
    n.
    árbol s.m.
    triː
    noun árbol m

    apple/palm/walnut tree — manzano m/palmera f/nogal m

    money doesn't grow on trees — el dinero no crece en los árboles, el dinero cuesta ganarlo

    you/one can't see the forest o (BrE) the wood for the trees — los árboles no dejan ver el bosque; (before n)

    tree housecabaña construida en un árbol para juegos infantiles

    tree linelímite a partir del cual no crece vegetación boscosa

    tree surgeon — arboricultor, -tora m,f

    [triː]
    1. N
    1) (Bot) árbol m

    tree of knowledgeárbol m de la ciencia

    - be at the top of the tree
    - be out of one's tree
    - be up a tree
    - be barking up the wrong tree
    - we can't see the wood or the forest for the trees
    family
    2) (for shoes) horma f
    3) [of saddle] arzón m
    2.
    VT [+ animal] hacer refugiarse en un árbol
    3.
    CPD

    tree frog Nrana f de San Antonio, rana f arbórea

    tree house Ncasita f en un árbol

    tree hugger * N(esp US) hum fanático(-a) m / f del medioambiente

    tree planting Nplantación f de árboles

    tree trunk Ntronco m (de árbol)

    * * *
    [triː]
    noun árbol m

    apple/palm/walnut tree — manzano m/palmera f/nogal m

    money doesn't grow on trees — el dinero no crece en los árboles, el dinero cuesta ganarlo

    you/one can't see the forest o (BrE) the wood for the trees — los árboles no dejan ver el bosque; (before n)

    tree housecabaña construida en un árbol para juegos infantiles

    tree linelímite a partir del cual no crece vegetación boscosa

    tree surgeon — arboricultor, -tora m,f

    English-spanish dictionary > tree

  • 19 tree

    noun
    Baum, der

    not grow on trees — (fig.) nicht [einfach] vom Himmel fallen

    * * *
    [tri:]
    (the largest kind of plant, with a thick, firm, wooden stem and branches: We have three apple trees growing in our garden.) der Baum
    - academic.ru/76451/treetop">treetop
    - tree-trunk
    - tree line
    * * *
    [tri:]
    I. n Baum m
    to climb [up] a \tree auf einen Baum klettern
    money doesn't grow on \trees Geld wächst nicht an Bäumen
    to be out of one's \tree nicht [mehr] ganz dicht sein fam, spinnen fam; see also bark
    II. n modifier
    1. (of animals) Baum-, Laub-
    \tree toad Laubfrosch m
    2. (of trees) (planting, surgery, damage, growth) Baum-
    \tree [structure] Baum m, Baumstruktur f
    \tree and branch network system Baumnetzsystem nt
    \tree selection sort Auswahlsortierverfahren nt
    III. vt HUNT
    to \tree an animal ein Tier auf einen Baum jagen
    * * *
    [triː]
    1. n
    1) Baum m

    tree of knowledgeBaum m der Erkenntnis

    tree of lifeBaum m des Lebens

    money doesn't/good teachers don't grow on trees — das Geld fällt/gute Lehrer fallen nicht vom Himmel

    to be up a tree (inf)in der Patsche or Tinte or Klemme sitzen (inf)

    he's at the top of the tree (fig inf)er ist ganz oben (an der Spitze)

    2) (= family tree) Stammbaum m
    3) (= shoe tree) Spanner m, Leisten m
    4) (REL: cross) Kreuz nt
    2. vt
    auf einen Baum jagen or treiben
    * * *
    tree [triː]
    A s
    1. Baum m: he’s sitting in a tree auf einem Baum;
    be up a tree US umg in der Klemme sein oder sitzen oder stecken;
    tree of knowledge (of good and evil) BIBEL Baum der Erkenntnis (von Gut und Böse);
    tree of heaven BOT Götterbaum;
    a) BIBEL Baum des Lebens,
    b) ANAT, BOT Lebensbaum; bark2 A 1, grow A 1, top1 A 2, wood A 1
    2. (Rosen- etc) Strauch m, (Bananen- etc) Staude f
    3. a) Holzpflock m
    b) (Holz)Pfosten m
    4. family B
    5. CHEM Kristallbaum m
    6. (Schuh-, Stiefel) Leisten m
    B v/t
    1. auf einen Baum treiben oder jagen
    2. einen Schuh, Stiefel auf einen Leisten spannen
    3. US umg jemanden in die Enge treiben
    * * *
    noun
    Baum, der

    not grow on trees(fig.) nicht [einfach] vom Himmel fallen

    * * *
    n.
    Baum ¨-e m.

    English-german dictionary > tree

  • 20 Liber

    1.
    līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).
    I.
    In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.
    (α).
    Absol.:

    dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

    Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

    an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

    id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

    ad scribendi licentiam liber,

    id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

    agri immunes ac liberi,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

    integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

    unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

    liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

    not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

    libera lingua,

    Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

    cor liberum,

    id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

    vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

    Liv. 35, 32, 6:

    libera verba animi proferre,

    Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

    aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

    id. Brut. 67, 236:

    libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

    id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

    tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

    id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

    pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

    id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

    liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

    Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

    mandata,

    full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

    fenus,

    unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

    v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

    the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

    locus,

    free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

    lectulus,

    i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

    vestis,

    id. ib. 3, 777:

    libera omnia sibi servare,

    to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

    hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

    est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

    id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

    liberiores litterae,

    id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

    amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

    freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

    paulo liberior sententia,

    Quint. 4, 2, 121:

    liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

    id. 7, 2, 14:

    fusiores liberioresque numeri,

    id. 9, 4, 130:

    officia liberiora plenioraque,

    id. 6, 1, 9:

    (flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

    freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

    (Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

    freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

    liberiore frui caelo,

    freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

    liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

    the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

    liberrime Lolli,

    most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

    indignatio,

    id. Epod. 4, 10.—
    (β).
    Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

    Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

    (consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

    id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

    ab observando homine perverso liber,

    id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

    liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

    id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

    ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

    id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

    loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

    id. Att. 15, 16, B:

    libera a ferro crura,

    Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

    animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

    Sall. C. 4.—
    (γ).
    With abl.:

    animus omni liber curā et angore,

    free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

    animus religione,

    Liv. 2, 36:

    animus cogitationibus aliis,

    Quint. 11, 2, 35:

    mens omnibus vitiis,

    id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

    liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

    id. 5, 11, 37:

    omni liber metu,

    Liv. 7, 34:

    liber invidia,

    Quint. 12, 11, 7:

    equus carcere,

    Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—
    (δ).
    With gen. ( poet.):

    liber laborum,

    Hor. A. P. 212:

    fati gens Lydia,

    Verg. A. 10, 154:

    curarum,

    Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

    liberior campi,

    having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—
    (ε).
    Liberum est, with subject-clause:

    quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

    it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

    dies eligere certos liberum erat,

    Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

    libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

    Tac. A. 3, 60.
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

    also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

    Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

    dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

    id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

    quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

    Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

    in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

    si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

    id. Top. 2, 10:

    quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

    of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

    liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

    Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—
    B.
    Free, in a political point of view;

    said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

    ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

    id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

    liber populus,

    id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

    (Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

    democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

    civitates liberae atque immunes,

    free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

    provinciae civitatesque liberae,

    Suet. Vesp. 8:

    libera ac foederata oppida,

    id. Calig. 3:

    Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

    Juv. 8, 244.—
    C.
    In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

    quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

    Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

    adulescens imprudens et liber,

    Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

    sit adulescentia liberior,

    somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

    amores soluti et liberi,

    id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

    consuetudo peccandi,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

    qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

    Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

    animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

    id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

    respirare,

    id. Quint. 11, 39:

    constanter et libere (me gessi),

    id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

    consilium dare,

    id. Lael. 13, 44:

    aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

    omnia libere fingimus et impune,

    Quint. 6, 1, 43:

    ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

    Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

    liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

    loqui,

    Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

    fortius liberiusque defendere,

    Quint. 12, 1, 21:

    liberius si Dixero quid,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

    maledicere,

    id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

    longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

    Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

    ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

    freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.
    2.
    līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

    but also: liberorum,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.
    I.
    Sing. (post-class. and rare):

    si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

    Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—
    II.
    Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).
    A.
    Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

    cum conjugibus et liberis,

    Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

    eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

    id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

    liberos procreare,

    id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

    suscipere liberos,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

    per liberos te precor,

    Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

    dulces,

    id. ib. 2, 40:

    parvuli,

    Quint. 2, 15, 8;

    opp. parentes,

    id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

    non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

    Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

    neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

    Gell. 1, 12, 8:

    uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

    liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

    Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

    liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

    ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

    habitus sis in liberum loco,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—
    2.
    Esp.
    (α).
    Of sons (opp. daughters):

    procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

    Hyg. Fab. 9.—
    (β).
    Of children in gen. = pueri:

    praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

    Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—
    B.
    Transf., of animals, young:

    liberis orbas oves,

    Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

    quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.
    3.
    Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

    hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

    tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

    Liber et alma Ceres,

    Verg. G. 1, 7:

    ex aede Liberi,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

    in a pun with 1. liber,

    Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

    quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

    Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

    salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

    id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

    sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

    Romulus et Liber pater,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

    per vestigia Liberi patris,

    Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

    patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

    Col. 3, 21, 3:

    Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

    Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—
    B.
    Meton., wine:

    illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

    Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

    Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

    sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

    Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

    condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

    id. S. 1, 4, 89.
    4.
    lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In gen.:

    obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

    colligatae libris (arundines),

    Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

    udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

    Verg. G. 2, 77:

    natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

    id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

    quam denso fascia libro,

    Juv. 6, 263.—
    B.
    Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

    antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

    Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

    charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—
    B.
    Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

    Demetrii liber de concordia,

    Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

    quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

    id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

    dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

    id. de Sen. 15, 54:

    libros pervolutare,

    id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

    evolvere,

    id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

    volvere,

    id. Brut. 87, 298:

    legere,

    id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

    edere,

    id. Fat. 1, 1:

    libri confectio,

    id. de Sen. 1, 1:

    tempus ad libros vacuum,

    id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

    cujus (Platonis) in libris,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

    in Graecorum libris,

    id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

    librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

    Juv. 3, 41:

    actorum libri,

    the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—
    C.
    In partic.
    1.
    A division of a work a look:

    tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

    Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

    hi tres libri (de Officiis),

    id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

    sermo in novem libros distributus,

    id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

    dictum est in libro superiore,

    id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

    versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

    id. 6, 3, 86:

    liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

    id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

    in T. Livii primo,

    Quint. 9, 2, 37:

    in tertio de Oratore,

    id. 9, 1, 26:

    legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—
    2.
    In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

    decemviris adire libros jussis,

    i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

    se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

    ut in libris est Etruscorum,

    id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

    caerimoniarum,

    rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—
    D.
    A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—
    E.
    A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—
    F.
    A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

    liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

    Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Liber

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